Art Gallery Review Essay Example for Free

Workmanship Gallery Review Essay I went to the Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas, situated on 3275 Industrial street (significant go across road Desert Inn) which opened in August of 2008. At the historical center it holds, sexual craftsmanship, shows, various courses of events and a great deal of delineated history of erotica. There were numerous elegant bits of fine art, regardless of whether it be painting, magazine covers, banners, figures, and models. I was additionally extremely eager to have really observed the piece called â€Å"Venus of Willendorf† that is highlighted in our book on page 164. I took as much time as is needed taking a gander at all the various pictures to see which I would look over to expound on. At that point I watched one, it was untitled, made in 2008 and the specialists name is Fang. I researched on the craftsman and didn't discover much on her other than the way that she is called â€Å"The appalling artist†. Teeth artworks have a BDSM feel for them and use acrylic on canvas. The specific picture I seen was of two lovely ladies, one was prevailing and the other an agreeable. The two ladies had shape lines to show their figures off. The majority of the hues were exceptionally clear and had high power in it. The prevailing lady wore an under bust patent cowhide kind of bodice with appended underwear, and coordinating knee high stiletto boots. The accommodating was completely uncovered aside from a sparkling red o ring stance neckline. The prevailing lady had bug catching network tattoos on each shoulder that an insect associated with underneath her neck area. The two ladies had wonderful long streaming lines of dark hair, with blue features. Splendid red lipstick on the two ladies and dull smoky eye cosmetics. The prevailing woman’s outward appearance was of certainty and prevalence, while the agreeable lady looked upwards as though to increase a feeling of endorsement. The second picture that grabbed my attention was in the lift setting off to the subsequent floor. It is called â€Å"Love is an elevator†. It was a photo on canvas and was finished by a man named Richard Rasner. This image resembled a matrix design because of the lift arrangement and was low force on the hues. It was for the most part various shades of earthy colors and light earthy colored with traces of red. The image was taken of within a lift with a female remaining before a mirror that was inside the lift with the entryway open as she glanced back at the opening. She was ravishing and alluringly gazing as though she was attempting to draw somebody into the lift with her. She wore dark unmentionables and thigh high stockings. The canvas was given a year after the opening of the gallery and didn’t have substantially more data. I found out a similar title â€Å"Love is an elevator† is a melody by the musical crew called Aerosmith. Another dazzling artistic creation I was attracted to on the second floor of this gigantic historical center was by Fried Pa’l. He is known for painting delightful bare ladies with oil on canvas. The shades of this piece are impartial, and low force browns all through the vast majority of the artistic creation. It shows this lovely, sure, yet coy lady lying on a nonpartisan shaded foundation of immersed hues. Her figure has form lines to characterize her body shape. She has pale shaded skin, light pink areolas, light brilliant earthy colored hair which she has one of her hands in. Her cosmetics hues are turquoise eye shadow, and coral hued lipstick. Her appearance says to me â€Å"I realize I am wonderful, and you want to be with me†. Despite the fact that you said to just do three I saw another image certainly worth expounding on. It was essentially painted pink and white with acrylic on canvas, no title and not marked. Anyway it was given to the exhibition hall by Ron McCallister when he died. Ron McCallister was Walt Disney’s closest companion. On the off chance that you take a gander at the photos Walt Disney has done, he generally puts light air pockets wherever in his craft and you can tell his brush strokes. He wasn’t the best craftsman and this image certainly could be his work. It was an image of a pink male penis on the left of the canvas and on the privilege was of an open mouth with the tongue on the tip of the penis. This is supposed to be the main sexual craftsmanship Walt Disney has ever delivered on the grounds that he realized his closest companion was into suggestive workmanship. Generally speaking my involvement with the Erotic Heritage gallery was lovely, nothing excessively tacky. I saw this spot as hilarious, and an extraordinary spot to get information about sexual conduct. There were a wide range of pictures and news clippings, and data on the erotica. There were loads of sculptures and old craftsmanship demonstrating various societies sees on sex. There were various perspectives on women’s vaginas on the dividers and furthermore homosexuality sees also. I additionally observed the first â€Å"vibrator† as we get back to it today however then it was the fifth electronic machine. I delighted in the entirety of the craftsmanship that I assessed about for all the uniqueness of it generally. All through the entire two stories of the historical center I was not appalled by any of it generally on the grounds that I have a receptive outlook and think â€Å"outside the box†. Everything was shown very well all through the exhibition hall and the entirety of the staff was extremely useful.

Breaking Down the Constitution essays

Separating the Constitution expositions Article Five, provision two of the United States Constitution states, under the Authority of the United States, [the Constitution] will be the incomparable tradition that must be adhered to. because of the way that the present dissident government is seeking after conflicting strategies, many accept the Constitution has become superfluous in light of the fact that no managing standards appear to exist. Thomas Jefferson once stated, The Constitution has a place with the living and not to the dead. Accordingly, it is frequently alluded to as a living report in light of its customary modification and reevaluation; in this manner, the Constitution has not become unessential in characterizing the objectives of American government. This will be appeared by inspecting how the Constitution guarantees and maintains American thoughts of rights, characterizes administrative structures, takes into consideration an expansion in legislative development, and licenses the Supreme Court to shape and characterize open approach through Constitutional Through long stretches of research on legal disputes, political specialists are in understanding that the vast majority favor rights in principle, however their support lessens when an opportunity to try the rights shows up. For instance, a solid level of Americans agree with free discourse all through the United States, yet when a court case, for example, Texas versus Johnson (1989) emerges, most support moves away from complete right to speak freely. For the situation, a Texan named Gregory Johnson put a match to an American banner during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas so as to fight atomic arms development; the choice was granted to Johnson amidst harsh Lockean reasoning concerning the common privileges of man moreover serves amajor job in an American's concept of rights. Numerous residents feels that it is the undertaking of the state to protect such bequests as life, freedom, and property. The juristic hypothesis of rights bargains ... <!

Sociology and Social Science Globalisation

Question: Talk about theSociology and Social Sciencefor Globalization. Answer: Presentation Globalization, in the contemporary time, has drawn the consideration of researchers from various spaces because of the wide spread effects brought about by it. By globalization, we mean the movement of universal mix because of trade of world perspectives, conclusions, thoughts, ideas, item and culture. The International Monetary Fund has distinguished the essential angles identified with globalization-venture developments and capita, exchanges and exchange, dispersal of information and relocation of individuals (Lindberg Sverrisson, 2016). It has been seen that globalization and facilitated commerce empower financial development and result in lower costs for some merchandise. The current paper fundamentally talks about why the previously mentioned thought might be hazardous from the point of view of human science. The exposition depends on the understandings of financial, social and political globalization. Contentions are endured the assistance of proof and models. As per Hay and Marsh (2016), financial globalization is effectively sought after by approach creators through deregulation of the economy and quick mechanical headways. The financial effect of globalization structures to be a finished examination of utilization patters, exchange, the travel industry, relocation, diversion and human conduct. In spite of the fact that globalization prompts critical financial development and decrease of destitution somewhat, a rich pool of proof demonstrate that globalization doesn't generally prompt practical development. Singh (2016) has opined that it is straightforward that globalization holds a lot of social importance. Be that as it may, the effect it has on society fluctuated significantly. This has offered ascend to forcefully partitioned see focuses with respect to the effect of globalization on contemporary society. As per Fominaya (2014), globalization is essential for bringing positive changes for helarding a superior society. Sorrells (2015) contends that while the people in effectively special segments of the general public increase more advantages, the state of those originating from the barred populace is found to compound. Fulu and Miedema (2016) has featured the unfortunate impacts globalization brings to the general public. According to the creators, globalization achieves a finish of the family life how it has been seen till now. The vanishing has not been the issue, yet the significant expansion has. The overall pattern is an expanded separation rate, denoting the ascent of single parenthood as an elective way of life that under certain conditions are feasible. This pattern proposes that progressively number of ladies are joining the workforce and the conventional job of satisfying obligations and obligations towards family is lessening. The immediate effect is on the childhood these kids are getting as the duties are pushed towards the instructive establishments. Sorokin (2016) has illuminated the worldwide situation of social foul play and disparity because of globalization. According to the creator, the most extravagant 5% individuals on the planet are known to get just about multiple times of the pay of the universes least fortunate 5%. The best 25 most extravagant Americans are known to procure 2 billion of the least fortunate of the world. The salary hole between white collar class or poor class and rich class is as yet common, or has augmented in a significant number of the created just as creating nations. This pattern is gradually changing the structure of economies, society and family. The writer additionally expressed that if this sharp increment in social disparity endures, there might be terrifying effects on social steadiness and human turn of events. Social agitation is another case of the unconstructive effect of globalization on the general public. A swelled underclass is being that is confronting a consant battle to close the pay holes and nonattendance of openings for work. Criminal organizations are accordingly being catalyzed in such sort of perfect condition, misusing and exploiting kids and ladies on the loose. Human dealing, unlawful exchange of jewels from nations of Africa, sedate dealing are some of such models. Furthermore, sex imbalance is on the ascent. A large number of the patriarchial social orders despite everything bolster sexual orientation disparity where one sex is believed to be more socially and monetarily reasonable than the other. Social frameworks don't fall behind from such conversation. Metropolitan nations are confronting results of adjustment off multifaceted communications. They are continually endeavoring to accomplish a social harmony. In spite of the fact that culture is transient, advancement in societies because of globalization through the trading of musings and communications have had a devastating negative effect on families and youngsters (Carlson et al., 2016). Alexander et al., (2016) have the perspective that like financial matters, society is additionally creating step by step. Progressions in transportation innovation and correspondence, in blend with free-advertise standards, have given administrations exploit modest work. Also, financial strategies have made the significant commitment towards evacuation of exchange boundary as Foreign Direct Investment has become an essential piece of most nations. In the present market, benefits are more for exchange and financial matters. The reintegration into the economy on an overall premise has seen improvement at a quick rate. Destitution decrease in nations like China and India are exceptional, connoting a positive effect globalization has. Despite what might be expected, some genuine restriction has been made identified with expanded natural corruption and imbalance. It is known to all that web is a valuable instrument for interfacing with the outside world. Be that as it may, the improvement can end up being unsafe if morals are not kept up, and it is utilized for the unlawful reason. From a monetary viewpoint, however globalization energizes a significant measure of facilitated commerce, negative outcomes likewise lie. Regular assets are decimated as bigger nations exploit over the poor nations as far as exchange. The imbalance in exchange is likewise reflected in disparity in the public arena as nations like Vietnam face the results of contrasts in charge installment. From the above conversation, we can infer that the patterns of globalization are producing odds of wide spread changes in all spaces of the general public. Society has recognized this and changes are continually being considered as a reaction to the universal patterns and modernizing thoughts. It must be noticed that globalization speaks to a move in the sociological settings over the globe. In spite of the fact that globalization is a decent possibility for achieving flourishing and advancement through financial development, negative viewpoints lie in the effects on social and social circles. There is a need to acquire upgrades information, morals, trial and convictions so as to participate in the general inclination of worldwide financial aspects and society productively. References Alexander, J. C., Thompson, K., Edles, L. D. (2016).Contemporary Introduction to Sociology: Culture and Society in Transition. Routledge. Carlson, S., Gerhards, J., Hans, S. (2016). Instructing Children in Times of Globalization: Class-explicit Child-raising Practices and the Acquisition of Transnational Cultural Capital.Sociology, 0038038515618601. Fominaya, C. F. (2014).Social developments and globalization: How fights, occupations and uprisings are changing the world. Palgrave Macmillan. Fulu, E., Miedema, S. (2016). Globalization and changing family relations: Family brutality and womens opposition in Asian Muslim societies.Sex Roles,74(11-12), 480-494. Feed, C., Marsh, D. (Eds.). (2016).Demystifying globalization. Springer. Lindberg, S., Sverrisson, . (Eds.). (2016).Social developments being developed: the test of globalization and democratization. Springer. Singh, V. P. (2016, July). Globalization, Social Transformation and Profession: Emerging Trends in Global Sociology. InThird ISA Forum of Sociology (July 10-14, 2016). Isaconf. Sorokin, P. (2016). Worldwide sociologyin diverse disciplinary practices: Current conditions, issues and perspectives.Current Sociology,64(1), 41-59. Sorrells, K. (2015).Intercultural correspondence: Globalization and social equity. Sage distributions.

Stalingrad essays

Stalingrad articles Consistently, the world has seen numerous contentions emit from strict contrasts. These issues, which have been as little as including five individuals, or as large as including 2 million individuals, have established the pace for the up and coming 21st century. It is obvious that everybody has their own allowance of faith based expectations, and that no ones are essentially right or wrong. At the point when somebody attempts to change another people own fundamental morals, strife and scorn ascend. At the point when these issues increased, another type of fighting was put to use by any sort of gathering of individuals who were not as unrivaled as their adversaries. This fighting is known as Terrorism. A psychological militants objective is to undermine somebody who they feel abused by, utilizing savagery and any methods important to get what they need. The most bizarre demonstration of fear based oppression came in the 1972 Olympic games, which were held in Munich, Germany. This figh t stuck the Muslims against the Jews, and Germany by and by would have the sentiment of strict contempt put on their shoulders. What I need to know is, what drives individuals like this to submit these demonstrations? Is it their reaction to fighting? Is it a method of getting taken note? Or then again is it done in basic flurry and dismissal of human life? In the 1972 Olympics, competitors from around the globe contended with one another to pick up regard just as magnificence in their game. These Olympics, be that as it may, were eclipsed by the War blending between the Israelis and Palestinians. The war was a strict clash, battling about land known as the Gaza Strip. This land has been in charge of the two nations, and the two nations feel they have (the war is as yet being battled today) the awesome option to hold that piece of the land. The extraordinary piece of the Gaza Strip is that it is viewed as probably the holiest spot in the World. As should be obvious, strict pressures emerged from these Battles. Jews and Muslims have a solid sentiment of ill will towards one another, with every nation utilizing horrendous ta... <!

Education experiences analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instruction encounters examination - Assignment Example By grasping the request based idea of instruction, understudies are in a situation to not just effectively understand what is educated in class yet they additionally become imaginative and progressively proficient (Freire 1). It is in this way apparent that request based training is superior to the financial mode, this is on the grounds that understudies will in general increase more information, conquer dictatorship and thus prevail throughout everyday life. In any case, when I was in secondary school back in China, my school had severe estimates dissimilar to what I encountered when I moved to US for my further training. In contrast to the US instruction, in China understudies are typically required to read for 15 hours regularly notwithstanding being stacked with assignments to do them from home and submit them the next day. In spite of the fact that in China we are generally excellent with regards to tests, it is the specific inverse while doing research facility tests. In China, one was named a washout in the event that the individual in question scored under 85% in the tests. This is on the grounds that not at all like in the US where understudies direct lab tests during science exercises, In China we never had lab classes. This is on the grounds that instructors never observed the requirement for sitting around idly in the lab rather than simply retaining all the systems from class. As I would like to think, contrasting the method of educating in China and the US, United States strategy is far much better since understudies are not permitted to retain for breezing through tests, rather they do their own examination and concoct results that are then talked about in class. What's more, as indicated by my conclusion, the financial method of instruction ought to be canceled in learning organizations and in its place be supplanted with the request based idea of training. The financial idea never permit understudy to do top to bottom research. for example, if the educator says that the various of two and two is equivalent to four, these understudies will just remember this announcement and store it without even

Review on Large-Area Synthesis of Graphene Films, Transfer process, Characterizations and Applications - Free Essay Example

Introduction Recently, much attention has turned to the structural and electronic properties of carbon-based materials. At present, especially, graphene is the hottest topics in condensed-matter physics and materials science. This is because graphene has not only unusual properties regarding extreme mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and 2-diemensional films, but also peculiar electronic characteristics such as Dirac-particles with a linear dispersion, transport energy gap and simply absorption coefficient of lights (Geim Novoselov, 2007; Nair et al., 2008). These unique properties mean it could have a wide array of practical uses. In addition to monolayer graphene, few-layer graphene has been extensively studied. For example, bi-layer graphene creates a band gap when an external electric field is applied (Castro et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2009). Graphene sheets have been produced mainly by exfoliating graphene flakes from bulk graphite and depositing them on the SiO2/Si substrate. However, the size and crystalline quality are not easily controlled. Some groups have grown epitaxially graphene sheets on SiC(0001) (Hibino et al., 2010), however the graphene layers have been widely distributed in thickness. ((N. G. Prikhod’ko et al. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B Vol. 8 No. 1 2014) Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, is a 2D material with outstanding physical properties. The successful isolation of graphene has drawn great interest for experimental investigations and has opened the route for a wide range of potential applications. Mechanically exfoliated graphene from bulk graphite has enabled fundamental investigations on the physical properties of graphene; however, this technique is not suitable for the integration in practical device fabrication processes nor for the synthesis of large surface area devices. For several applications, if one excludes active semiconducting devices exploiting the quantum properties of single carbon layers, a material composed of a few layers graphene (FLG) is also extremely promising. The overall characteristics of graphene ?lms, both single and FLG, such as size, crystallinity, continuity, homogeneity and fabrication reproducibility are mandatory for successful practical application. (R. G iorgi et al). Synthesis methods Synthesis of Graphene Films in a Flame The results of studying the synthesis of graphenes in a premixed propane–oxygen–argon flame at atmospheric conditions are reported. The temperature of 900–950 °C and exposure time of 5 min are demonstrated to be suitable for the synthesis of graphene films on a nickel substrate, which is preferable to a copper substrate. It is demonstrated that the formation of graphene layers on the substrate occurs vertically along the flame height, with subsequent changeover to a soot structure. It is shown that the minimum number of graphene layers (two or three) is observed at angles of inclination of the substrate relative to the vertical axis of the flame within 0 °Ã¢â‚¬â€œ30 °. (N. G. Prikhod’ko et al. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B Vol. 8 No. 1 2014) Photograph of a nickel substrate with carbon struc_ ture. The Ni(111) surface is the excellent substrate for growth of single-layer-graphene sheet with macroscopic dimensions. Graphene sheets with a 1 x 1 atomic structure grew up epitaxially by CVD or surface segregation techniques. We in-situ observed the graphene growth of mono-, bi- and tri-layer step by step using carbon segregation phenomena on Ni(111) by LEEM. The summaries are as follows; One can grow the uniform monolayer graphene on Ni(111) by adjusting the temperature. No domain boundaries and wrinkles were detected by LEEM. The second- and the third-layer graphene grew at the interface under the first and the second layers. Bi-layer graphene domains grew at least 100?m scale. The third-layer started to grow before the completion of second-layer at 1050K in this experiment. More precise control of temperature seems to be required to complete the second-layer before starting the third-layer growth. Shape of the islands differed depending on the thickness; the first- and third layer islands exhibit hexagonal edges, while the second-layer islands possess dendritic edges. The different shapes of the first, second and third-layer islands presumably originate from the interfacial-bond strength depending on the graphene thickness. The number of nucleation sites of graphene growth is extremely small on Ni(111) surface, which is an important factor for growth of large single-domain graphene crystals. Chemical etching the Ni substrate made it possible to separate macroscopic selfstanding graphene sheets. Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Substrates by CVD of Different Precursors: Graphene ?lms of the order of 1cm2 were grown on copper foil substrates by CVD using hydrogen/methane or hydrogen/argon/ethanol mixturesasgasprecursors. The growth processes were performed near 1,000?C both at atmospheric and low pressures. A system for the fast cooling of the sample, based on the fast extraction from the hot zone of the furnace, was implemented allowing for rapid decrease of the temperature below 600?C in few seconds. Samples grown under different conditions were analyzed by SEM, Raman spectroscopy and XPS with the aim to assess their characteristics and to re?ne the growth process. (R. Giorgi et al). Scheme of the CVD reactor Graphene growth process SEM image of Cu substrate after graphene growth Films consisting of less than 5 graphene layers have been grown by CVD both from methane and ethanol as precursors. The use of copper substrates has allowed the growth of large area continuous ?lms of the order of 1cm2; a wet procedure was followed for the transfer of the grapheme ?lms on to SiO2/Si substrates more suitable for their characterization. Pressure and growth time have been found to be the main process parameters affecting the thickness and the quality of the graphene ?lms. The grown ?lms exhibited good crystallinity, but resulted composed of different overlapping regions with different number of layer. Factors in?uencing the ?lm homogeneity and uniformity have been identi?ed in the substrate features. Future work will be focused on the optimization of substrate treatments, with the aim to achieve more uniform large area graphene ?lms with controlled structure: number of layers and crystallinity. The matching of the large copper grain size (upto 1mm) with controlled growt h of graphene (single and FLG) remains an interesting goal and a high challenge. (R. Giorgi et al). Large-Area Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Foils: Large-area graphene films of the order of centimeters on copper substrates was grown by chemical vapor deposition using methane. The films are predominantly single layer graphene with a small percentage (less than 5%) of the area having few layers, and are continuous across copper surface steps and grain boundaries. The low solubility of carbon in copper appears to help make this growth process self-limiting. Graphene film transfer processes were also developed to arbitrary substrates, and dual-gated field-effect transistors fabricated on Si/SiO2 substrates showed electron mobilities as high as 4050 cm2V-1s-1 at room temperature. (Xuesong Li.) Time dependence of experimental parameters: temperature, pressure, and gas composition/flow rate. SEM images of graphene on Cu with different growth times of (A) 1 min, (B) 2.5 min, (C) 10 min, and (D) 60 min, respectively. In recent work, thin Ni films and a fast-cooling process have been used to suppress the amount of precipitated C. However, this process still yields films with a wide range of graphene layer thicknesses, from one to a few tens of layers and with defects associated with fast cooling (5-7). Our results suggest that the graphene growth process is not one of C precipitation but rather a CVD process. The precise mechanism will require additional experiments to understand in full, but very low C solubility in Cu (23-25), and poor C saturation as a result of graphene surface coverage may be playing a role in limiting or preventing the precipitation process altogether at high temperature, similar to the case of impeding of carburization of Ni (26). This provides a pathway for growing self-limited graphene films. To evaluate the electrical quality of the synthesized graphene, we fabricated dual-gated FET with Al2O3 as the gate dielectric and measured them at room temperature. Along with a dev ice model that incorporates a finite density at the Dirac point, the dielectric, and the quantum capacitances (9), the data are shown in Fig. 3. The extracted carrier mobility for this device is ~4050 cm2V-1s-1, with the residual carrier concentration at the Dirac point of n0=3.2Ãâ€"1011 cm-2. These data suggest that the films are of reasonable quality, at least sufficient to continue improving the growth process to achieve a material quality equivalent to the exfoliated natural graphite. (Xuesong Li.) Synthesis of multi-layer graphene ?lms on copper tape by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method: Graphene ?lms were successfully synthesized by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) method. Methane (CH4) gas and copper (Cu) tapes were used as a carbon source and a catalyst, respectively. The CVD temperature and time were in the range of 800–1000?C and 10s to 45min, respectively. The role of the CVD temperature and time on the growth of graphene ?lms was investigated in detail via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The results of SEM images and Raman spectra show that the quality of the graphene ?lms was improved with increasing of CVD temperature due to the increase of catalytic activity. Multilayer graphene ?lms were successfully synthesized on the Cu tapes by APCVD method. The quality of the graphene ?lms was improved with increasing CVD temperature. The growth time does not much affect the number of layers of graphene ?lms. CVD temperature of 1000?C and CVD time of 30min are the optimum temperature and time for growing high-quality graphene ?lms on the Cu tape, respectively. The graphene ?lms were successfully transferred from the Cu tape to other substrates by wet etching Cu with a solution of iron(III) nitrate. (Van Tu Nguyen1. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4 (2013) 035012 (5pp) Self-Standing Graphene Sheets Prepared with Chemical Vapor Deposition and Chemical Etching: The growth mechanism of graphene layers on Ni(111) surface was studied. The in-situ observation of the graphene growth of mono-, bi- and tri-layers using carbon segregation phenomena on Ni(111) by low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) were reported, which is a powerful technique to investigate thin films in mesoscopic scale. We also fabricated the self-standing graphene sheets by chemically etching the substrate (Odahara et al., 2009). The chemical process to remove the Ni substrate makes it possible to prepare a self-standing graphene sheets, which are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). . Typical snapshots of LEEM images obtained as the temperature was decreased from 1200 K to 1125 K (images (a) to (d)). The observed area was 6?m field-of-view. Letter in each image indicates the time-lapse order. Two graphene domains were united to form one graphene sheet. Image (e) is a typical LEEM image of 100?m field-of-view. The surface was entirely covered with monolayer graphene. LEEM images were obtained at the primary electron energy of 3.5 eV. Image (f) is a typical ?LEED pattern observed in the graphenecovered surface. The orientation of the graphene was slightly altered because the sheet is curved. Typical LEEM images of the graphene growth at different stages: (a)-(b) the first layer growth observed at 1125K, (d)-(f) the second layer at 1050K and (g)-(h) the third layer at 1050K. Image (c) is a typical ?LEED pattern of a 1 x 1 atomic structure obtained from the single-layer graphene-covered surface. Image (i) is the electron reflectivity-energy curves obtained from each area. (a) A TEM image of a carbon aggregate on the Au mesh with squares 10 ?m Ãâ€" 10 ?m in area, (b) A magnified TEM image of the thinnest area of the carbon aggregate, and (c) its electron diffraction pattern. A TEM image of the other area in the carbon aggregate (a) and its diffraction pattern (b). One can see clearly doublets of diffraction spots in (b), and new cabon-nano-tube like structures in (a). The hole was covered with double-layer graphene. Typical Raman spectrum of the monolayer self-standing graphene sheets. Small defect-origin D peak was detected at ?1350 cm-1. 15. The SEM image of single graphene sheet at 5 kV and its LETED pattern (upper right). The LETED pattern of single-layer graphene at (a) 1 kV and (b) 500 V. The SEM image of folding double graphene sheet (a) and its LETED pattern at (b) 4 kV and (c) 2kV. The Ni(111) surface is the excellent substrate for growth of single-layer-graphene sheet with macroscopic dimensions. Graphene sheets with a 1 x 1 atomic structure grew up epitaxially by CVD or surface segregation techniques. We in-situ observed the graphene growth of mono-, bi- and tri-layer step by step using carbon segregation phenomena on Ni(111) by LEEM. The summaries are as follows; One can grow the uniform monolayer graphene on Ni(111) by adjusting the temperature. No domain boundaries and wrinkles were detected by LEEM. The second- and the third-layer graphene grew at the interface under the first and the second layers. Bi-layer graphene domains grew at least 100?m scale. The third-layer started to grow before the completion of second-layer at 1050K in this experiment. More precise control of temperature seems to be required to complete the second-layer before starting the third-layer growth. Shape of the islands differed depending on the thickness; the first- and third- layer islands exhibit hexagonal edges, while the second-layer islands possess dendritic edges. The different shapes of the first, second and third-layer islands presumably originate from the interfacial-bond strength depending on the graphene thickness. The number of nucleation sites of graphene growth is extremely small on Ni(111) surface, which is an important factor for growth of large single-domain graphene crystals. Chemical etching the Ni substrate made it possible to separate macroscopic self standing graphene sheets. (Jian Ru Gong. 2011) Applications of large scale grapheme Graphene for nanoelectronics Graphene shows a glaring ambipolar electric field effect whereby charge carriers can be tuned continuously between electrons to holes. Single layer graphene atop a thermally grown SiO2 layer on a highly doped Si substrate may serve as a prototype of a field effect transistor. Under this arrangement, SiO2 play the role of an insulating layer, so a back-gate voltage can be applied to vary carrier concentration (figure 11b). Early graphene FET devices demonstrated by Novoselov exhibited dopant concentrations as high as 1013 cm–2and achieved a mobility that could exceed 10,000 cm2 /Vs (Novoselov, Geim et al. 2004). This translates into ballistic transport on submicron scales. The room-temperature mobilityis limited by impurities or corrugations of the graphene surface, which means that it can still be improved significantly up to the order of 105 cm2 /Vs (Bolotin, Sikes et al. 2008; Du,Skachko et al. 2008). Electrons present in graphene act like mass-less comparable particles controlling a majority of its electronic properties. Among the most important results of such uncommon diffusion relation can be seen in the case of half-integer â€Å"Quantum Hall Effect† and the unavailability of localization, which can be very essential for graphene-based field effect transistors, (FET), (Geim and Novoselov 2007). Mechanical exfoliation of highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) or high purity graphite flakes can lead to the generation of graphene crystals with very few flaws, which in turn show high movability of the charge carriers. Figure 12 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the grapheme based device reported in the literature as having the highest electron mobility to date (Bolotin, Sikes et al. 2008). The graphene film was obtained by mechanical exfoliation of graphite on Si/SiO2 substrate in which the oxide layer below the grapheme was et ched in order to obtain a free-standing graphene flake connecting the metal electrodes. Electrical measurements of resistivity vs. gate voltage show the intrinsic ambipolar characteristics of graphene. It was also established that the transfer characteristics of the device is greatly improved after undergoing a high-current annealing procedure to remove contaminants from the graphene surface. Mobility ? for this device reaches an exceptional value of 230,000 cm2/Vs measured at the highest carrier density n = 2x1011cm-2. Such high mobility would in principle favor high frequency performance. Furthermore, graphene devices pursuing high frequency have demonstrated encouraging characteristics, exhibiting a cutoff frequency fT of 26 GHz, which is the frequency at which the current gain becomes unity and signifies the highest frequency at which signals are propagated (Lin, Jenkins et al. 2008). Only recently, P. Avouris and collaborators reported the fabrication of graphene FETs on SiC substrates with cutoff frequency of 100 GHz for adevice of gate length of 240 nm and using a source-drain voltage of 2.5 V (Lin, Dimitrakopoulos et al.). This fT exceeds those previously reported for graphene FETs as well as those for Si metal-oxide semiconductor FETs for the same gate length (~40 GHz at240 nm) (Meric, Baklitskaya et al. 2008; Moon, Curtis et al. 2009). CVD graphene for macroelectronics: Transparent conductive films Another intrinsic property of graphene is its transparency. A single sheet of grapheme absorbs only 2.3 % of the incident light. Such combination of high conductivity and lowlight absorption makes this material an ideal candidate as a transparent conductive film. It isvery tempting to use the unique properties of graphene for technology applications even beyond graphene FET applications. Composite materials, photo-detectors, support for biological samples in TEM, mode-lockers for ultrafast lasers and many more areas wouldgain strongly from using graphene for non-FET purposes. Graphene applications in photovoltaics Photovoltaic cells: Graphene vs ITO Solar energy harvesting using organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells has been proposed as a means to achieve low-cost energy due to their ease of manufacture, light weight and compatibility with flexible substrates. A critical aspect of this type of optoelectronic device is the transparent conductive electrode through which light couples into the device. Conventional OPVs typically use transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) as such electrodes (Peumans, Yakimov et al. 2003). However, the scarcity of indium reserves, intensive processing requirements, and highly brittle nature of metal oxides impose serious limitations on the use of these materials for applications where cost, physical conformation, and mechanical flexibility are important.

The Poem Give Thanks by Sandra Maria Esteves - 1462 Words

A mother is the first touch, voice and sight a baby has when he or she is born. They rely on their mother to provide them with a safe environment, food and comfort. Being a mother comes with great responsibility and a life long job that the work gets harder every day. Although I myself am not a mother, I have seen this job played out from my own mother who provides her children with a great life. Some mothers are not ready for this job, yet selfishly still choose to keep their children because they are too proud to allow someone else provide their baby with the life they deserve. Child abandonment is a ever rising epidemic not only in The United States, but all around the world. Child abandonment affects the mother, but more importantly,†¦show more content†¦A way a child could be abandoned is if the baby is left on a doorstep of a stranger or a church. Leaving a child at a church is very common and they will eventually be reported to the police. From there the child will mo st likely be brought to a foster home where they will further place the child with a family who will protect and love the child like their own. The parent or the person legally in charge of taking care of the child will be found and face serious criminal charges. The criminal charges would include abandonment and endangering a child. The effects this abandonment has on a child are ever lasting and may not go away with therapy or being adopted. According to the article The Neglect Of Child Neglect: A Meta-Analytic Review Of The Prevalence Of Neglect it states, â€Å"Infancy is recognized as the period between the second postnatal month and two years, previous to the mid- childhood. In humans the period is extremely sensitive to maternal investment mother dependence for survival, and is characterized by rapid neural growth† (Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Ijzendoorn). The child develops neurological damage due to being left by the person who was supposed to care and protec t them throughout their life. Sandra Maria Esteves shows what a healthy living condition for a child should be like. She goes on to list the roles of a mother and the experiences a child gets to live through while bonding with the mother. It is a